Table of Contents
1 Fundamentals of Optics 1 Ting-Chung Poon and Jung-Ping Liu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 1.3 Geometrical Optics 3 1.4 Maxwell’s Equations and the Wave Equation 9 1.5 Wave Optics and Diffraction 11 1.6 Fourier Optics and Applications 14 1.7 The Human Visual System 21 1.8 Conclusion 23 2 Fundamentals of Photonics 25 Erik Stijns and Hugo Thienpont 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Interference and Diffraction 25 2.3 Terms and Units: The Measurement of Light 30 2.4 Color 35 2.5 Basic Laser Physics 43 2.6 Basic Properties of Laser Light 46 2.7 Conclusions 48 3 Basics of Information Theory 49 Michal Dobes 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Probability 49 3.3 Entropy and Mutual Information 54 3.4 Information Channel 62 3.5 Conclusion 66 4 Fundamentals of Image Processing 71 Vaclav Hlavac 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Digital Image Representation 73 4.3 Image Filtering Paradigm 78 4.4 Frequency Domain 80 4.5 Filtering in the Image Domain 90 4.6 Conclusions 96 5 Joint Spatial/Spatial-Frequency Representations 97 Gabriel Cristóbal, Salvador Gabarda, and Leon Cohen 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Fundamentals of Joint Representations 98 5.3 Other Distributions 103 5.4 The Pseudo-Wigner – Ville Distribution (PWVD) 105 5.5 2D Log-Gabor Filtering Schemes for Image Processing 110 5.6 Texture Segmentation 112 5.7 Hybrid Optical – Digital Implementation 114 5.8 Conclusions 116 6 Splines in Biomedical Image Processing 119 Slavica Jonic and Carlos Oscar Sanchez Sorzano 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Main Theoretical Results about Splines 120 6.3 Splines in Biomedical Image and Volume Registration 131 6.4 Conclusions 132 7 Wavelets 135 Ann Dooms and Ingrid Daubechies 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Chasing Sherlock Holmes: How to Scrutinize an Image 139 7.3 A Natural Evolution: The Continuous Wavelet Transform 142 7.4 Theory into Practice: The Discrete Wavelet Transform 143 7.5 Mallat and Meyer Digging Deeper: Multiresolution Analysis 144 7.6 Going to Higher Dimensions: Directional Transforms 148 7.7 Conclusion 152 8 Scale-Space Representations for Gray-Scale and Color Images 155 Iris U. Vanhamel, Ioannis Pratikakis, and Hichem Sahli 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 Background 156 8.3 Representation 165 8.4 Conclusions 176 9 Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) 179 Philip M. Birch, Rupert Young, and Chris Chatwin 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Types of SLM 180 9.3 Fully Complex Modulation Methods 194 9.4 Applications 196 9.5 Conclusions 197 10 Holographic Visualization of 3D Data 201 Pierre-Alexandre Blanche 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Reproducing the Amplitude and the Phase 203 10.3 Different Types of Holograms 207 10.4 Holographic Approximations 215 10.5 Dynamic Holography 220 10.6 Conclusion 224 11 Holographic Data Storage Technology 227 Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, and Pierre-Alexandre Blanche 11.1 Introduction 227 11.2 Holographic Data Storage Overview 228 11.3 Tolerances and Basic Servo 234 11.4 Data Channel Overview 236 11.5 Materials for Holography 237 11.6 Material for Data Storage 243 11.7 Media for Holographic Data Storage 246 11.8 Conclusions 246 12 Phase-Space Rotators and their Applications in Optics 251 José A. Rodrigo, Tatiana Alieva, and Martin J. Bastiaans 12.1 Introduction 251 12.2 Signal Representation in Phase Space: The Wigner Distribution 252 12.3 Matrix Formalism for the Description of Phase-Space Rotations 255 12.4 Basic Phase-Space Rotators for Two-Dimensional Signals 257 12.5 Optical System Design for Phase-Space Rotators and their Experimental Implementations 260 12.6 Applications of Phase-Space Rotators in Optics 264 12.7 Conclusions 269 13 Microscopic Imaging 273 Gloria Bueno, Oscar Déniz, Roberto González-Morales, Juan Vidal, and Jesús Salido 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Image Formation: Basic Concepts 274 13.3 Components of a Microscopic Imaging System 276 13.4 Types of Microscopy 277 13.5 Digital Image Processing in Microscopy 284 13.6 Conclusions 292 14 Adaptive Optics in Microscopy 295 Martin J. Booth 14.1 Introduction 295 14.2 Aberrations in Microscopy 296 14.3 Principles of Adaptive Optics 301 14.4 Aberration Correction in High-Resolution Optical Microscopy 307 14.5 Aberration Measurement and Wavefront Sensing 312 14.6 Control Strategies for Adaptive Microscopy 317 14.7 Conclusion 320 15 Aperture Synthesis and Astronomical Image Formation 323 Anna Scaife 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Image Formation from Optical Telescopes 324 15.3 Single-Aperture Radio Telescopes 326 15.4 Aperture Synthesis 327 15.5 Image Formation 333 15.6 Conclusions 343 16 Display and Projection 345 Tom Kimpe, Patrick Candry, and Peter Janssens 16.1 Introduction 345 16.2 Direct View Displays 345 16.3 Projection Displays 353 16.4 Applications 362 16.5 Conclusion 366 17 3D Displays 369 Janusz Konrad 17.1 Introduction 369 17.2 Planar Stereoscopic Displays 370 17.3 Planar Multiview Displays 378 17.4 Signal Processing for 3D Displays 381 17.5 Conclusions 393 18 Linking Analog and Digital Image Processing 397 Leonid P. Yaroslavsky 18.1 Introduction 397 18.2 How Should One Build Discrete Representation of Images and Transforms? 398 18.3 Building Continuous Image Models 408 18.4 Digital-to-Analog Conversion in Digital Holography. Case Study: Reconstruction of Kinoform 414 18.5 Conclusion 417 19 Visual Perception and Quality Assessment 419 Anush K. Moorthy, Zhou Wang, and Alan C. Bovik 19.1 Introduction 419 19.2 The Human Visual System 420 19.3 Human-Visual-System-Based Models 422 19.4 Feature-Based Models 425 19.5 Structural and Information-Theoretic Models 427 19.6 Motion-Modeling-Based Algorithms 430 19.7 Performance Evaluation and Validation 432 19.8 Conclusion 435 20 Digital Image and Video Compression 441 Joeri Barbarien, Adrian Munteanu, and Peter Schelkens 20.1 Introduction 441 20.2 Typical Architecture 441 20.3 Data Prediction and Transformation 442 20.4 Quantization 449 20.5 Entropy Coding 452 20.6 Image and Volumetric Coding 455 20.7 Video Coding 457 20.8 Conclusions 460 |
21 Optical Compression Scheme to Simultaneously Multiplex and Encode Images 463
Ayman Alfalou, Ali Mansour, Marwa Elbouz, and Christian Brosseau 21.1 Introduction 463 21.2 Optical Image Compression Methods: Background 464 21.3 Compression and Multiplexing: Information Fusion by Segmentation in the Spectral Plane 466 21.4 Optical Compression of Color Images by Using JPEG and JPEG2000 Standards 470 21.5 New Simultaneous Compression and Encryption Approach Based on a Biometric Key and DCT 474 21.6 Conclusions 480 22 Compressive Optical Imaging: Architectures and Algorithms 485 Roummel F. Marcia, Rebecca M. Willett, and Zachary T. Harmany 22.1 Introduction 485 22.2 Compressive Sensing 486 22.3 Architectures for Compressive Image Acquisition 488 22.4 Algorithms for Restoring Compressively Sensed Images 494 22.5 Experimental Results 499 22.6 Noise and Quantization 502 22.7 Conclusions 502 23 Compressed Sensing: ‘‘When Sparsity Meets Sampling’’ 507 Laurent Jacques and Pierre Vandergheynst 23.1 Introduction 507 23.2 In Praise of Sparsity 508 23.3 Sensing and Compressing in a Single Stage 510 23.4 Reconstructing from Compressed Information: A Bet on Sparsity 512 23.5 Sensing Strategies Market 515 23.6 Reconstruction Relatives 518 23.7 Some Compressive Imaging Applications 521 23.8 Conclusion and the ‘‘Science 2.0’’ Effect 524 24 Blind Deconvolution Imaging 529 Filip Sroubek and Michal Sorel 24.1 Introduction 529 24.2 Image Deconvolution 530 24.3 Single-Channel Deconvolution 534 24.4 Multichannel Deconvolution 539 24.5 Space-Variant Extension 542 24.6 Conclusions 546 25 Optics and Deconvolution: Wavefront Sensing 549 Justo Arines and Salvador Bará 25.1 Introduction 549 25.2 Deconvolution from Wavefront Sensing (DWFS) 550 25.3 Past and Present 551 25.4 The Restoration Process 552 25.5 Examples of Application 563 25.6 Conclusions 567 26 Image Restoration and Applications in Biomedical Processing 571 Filip Rooms, Bart Goossens, Aleksandra Pizurica, and Wilfried Philips 26.1 Introduction 571 26.2 Classical Restoration Techniques 574 26.3 SPERRIL: Estimation and Restoration of Confocal Images 583 26.4 Conclusions 589 27 Optical and Geometrical Super-Resolution 593 Javier Garcia Monreal 27.1 Introduction 593 27.2 Fundamental Limits to Resolution Improvement 594 27.3 Diffractive Optical Super-Resolution 595 27.4 Geometrical Super-Resolution 608 28 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering Inaccurate Subpixel Motion Information 613 Jongseong Choi and Moon Gi Kang 28.1 Introduction 613 28.2 Fundamentals of Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction 614 28.3 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering Inaccurate Subpixel Motion Estimation 623 28.4 Development and Applications of Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction 631 28.5 Conclusions 640 29 Image Analysis: Intermediate-Level Vision 643 Jan Cornelis, Aneta Markova, and Rudi Deklerck 29.1 Introduction 643 29.2 Pixel- and Region-Based Segmentation 645 29.3 Edge-Based Segmentation 652 29.4 Deformable Models 654 29.5 Model-Based Segmentation 661 29.6 Conclusions 664 30 Hybrid Digital – Optical Correlator for ATR 667 Tien-Hsin Chao and Thomas Lu 30.1 Introduction 667 30.2 Miniaturized Gray-Scale Optical Correlator 673 30.3 Optimization of OT-MACH Filter 677 30.4 Second Stage: Neural Network for Target Verification 681 30.5 Experimental Demonstration of ATR Process 687 30.6 Conclusions 690 31 Theory and Application of Multispectral Fluorescence Tomography 695 Rosy Favicchio, Giannis Zacharakis, Anikitos Garofalakis, and Jorge Ripoll 31.1 Introduction 695 31.2 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT) 696 31.3 Spectral Tomography 706 31.4 Multitarget Detection and Separation 709 31.5 Conclusions 712 32 Biomedical Imaging Based on Vibrational Spectroscopy 717 Christoph Krafft, Benjamin Dietzek, and Jurgen Popp 32.1 Introduction 717 32.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy and Imaging 718 32.3 Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopic Images 723 32.4 Challenges for Image Analysis in CARS Microscopy 730 32.5 Biomedical Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging: Tissue Diagnostics 734 32.6 Conclusions 736 33 Optical Data Encryption 739 Maria Sagrario Millán García-Varela and Elisabet Pérez-Cabré 33.1 Introduction 739 33.2 Optical Techniques in Encryption Algorithms 740 33.3 Applications to Security Systems 755 33.4 Conclusions 765 34 Quantum Encryption 769 Bing Qi, Li Qian, and Hoi-Kwong Lo 34.1 Introduction 769 34.2 The Principle of Quantum Cryptography 770 34.3 State-of-the-Art Quantum Key Distribution Technologies 777 34.4 Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution Systems 783 34.5 Conclusions 785 35 Phase-Space Tomography of Optical Beams 789 Tatiana Alieva, Alejandro Cámara, José A. Rodrigo, and María L. Calvo 35.1 Introduction 789 35.2 Fundamentals of Phase-Space Tomography 790 35.3 Phase-Space Tomography of Beams Separable in Cartesian Coordinates 793 35.4 Radon Transform 794 35.5 Example: Tomographic Reconstruction of the WD of Gaussian Beams 796 35.6 Experimental Setup for the Measurements of the WD Projections 798 35.7 Reconstruction of WD: Numerical and Experimental Results 800 35.8 Practical Work for Postgraduate Students 802 36 Human Face Recognition and Image Statistics using Matlab 809 Matthias S. Keil 36.1 Introduction 809 36.2 Neural Information-Processing and Image Statistics 811 36.3 Face Image Statistics and Face Processing 818 36.4 Amplitude Spectra 820 36.5 Making Artificial Face Recognition ‘‘More Human’’ 826 36.6 Student Assignments 827 37 Image Processing for Spacecraft Optical Navigation 833 Michael A. Paluszek and Pradeep Bhatta 37.1 Introduction 833 37.2 Geometric Basis for Optical Navigation 835 37.3 Optical Navigation Sensors and Models 837 37.4 Dynamical Models 845 37.5 Processing the Camera Data 847 37.6 Kalman Filtering 847 38 ImageJ for Medical Microscopy Image Processing: An Introduction to Macro Development for Batch Processing 859 Tony Collins 38.1 Introduction 859 38.2 Installation 859 38.3 Plugin Collections 861 38.4 Opening Images 861 38.5 Developing a Macro 862 38.6 Further Practical Exercises 872 38.7 Important Websites 872 |